{"id":210,"date":"2020-06-21T12:01:43","date_gmt":"2020-06-21T12:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/?page_id=210"},"modified":"2022-03-16T21:26:11","modified_gmt":"2022-03-16T21:26:11","slug":"paragraphs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/paragraphs\/","title":{"rendered":"Paragraphs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px|||&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/scientific-writing-resources\/\">Scientific Writing Resources<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/academicintegrity\/\">General Guidelines in Scientific Writing<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/paragraphs\/\">Paragraphs<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;100%&#8221; min_height=&#8221;366px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||55px||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;General Guidelines in Scientific Writing&#8221; open=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/academicintegrity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Academic Integrity<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/building-an-argument\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Building an Argument<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/critical-reading\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Critical Reading<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/critical-writing\/\">Critical Writing\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/figures-tables\/\">Figures and Tables\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/paragraphs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paragraphs\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/quoting-paraphrasing-summarizing\/\">Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/peer-review\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peer-review\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/response-to-reviewers-critiques\/\">Response to Reviewers\u2019 Critiques<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/peer-review\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/plagiarism\/\">Plagiarism\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/writing-tips-tools\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Writing Tips and Tools<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/types-or-styles-of-writing\/\">Types or Styles of Writing<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"how-to-evaluate-online-information-resources\">How to evaluate online information resources<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/miscellaneous\/\">Miscellaneous<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Preparing Scholarly Work&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/thesis-dissertation-writing\/\"><span>Dissertation\/ Thesis\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span>Journal Article<\/span><\/li>\n<ul>\n<li><span><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/original-research-article\/\">Original (Research) Article<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/review-articles\/\"><span>Review Article\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/editorial-opinion-and-perspective-articles\/\"><span>Editorial, Opinion, and Perspectives Articles<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li><span><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/posters\/\">Poster<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/proposals-2\/\"><span>Proposal\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Preparing for a Publication&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/deciding-on-authorship\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deciding on Authorship\u00a0<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/deciding-on-authorship\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/cover-letter-for-a-journal-manuscript-submission\/\">Cover letter for a journal manuscript submission<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/reference-management\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reference Management<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Career Development&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/statement-of-purpose\/\"><span>Statement of Purpose (SOP)\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/research-statement\/\"><span>Research Statement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/teaching-statement\/\"><span>Teaching Statement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/cover-letter-for-a-job-application\/\">Cover letter for a job application<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/teaching-statement\/\"><span><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.4.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.14.8&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;|10px||10px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||10px|false|false&#8221; border_width_left=&#8221;5px&#8221; border_color_left=&#8221;#0c71c3&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span>Paragraphs<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>Writing, in this case, scientific writing is a process, which includes a set of tasks: to read, plan, write, rewrite, read, and seek feedback. Scientific writing implies a structure, language functions, cohesion, connectives, and paragraphs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>The basic structure is: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span>Introduction <\/span><span>(the subject or topic)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Development<\/span><span>\/B<\/span><span>ody<\/span><span> (main ideas<\/span><span> \u2013 p<\/span><span>resentation, analysis, and discussion)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>C<\/span><span>onclusion<\/span><span> (a summary of the main points; individual views\/opinions and decisions or recommendations)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>The language functions are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span>Each part of the writing will consist of <strong>language functions<\/strong>: particular uses and structures of the language organized according to specific purposes \u2013 describing, defining, classifying, analyzing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Each <strong>language function <\/strong>consists of <strong>sentences and\/or paragraphs <\/strong>that are <strong>joined together by connectives<\/strong><\/span><strong><span>.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>Cohesion means:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span>T<\/span><span>he way in which the different parts are linked together<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Feature of a text in which there is a logical flow of ideas<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Cohesive elements are connectives (words or phrases that indicate a logical relationship<\/span><span>).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>Sentences are linked by means of connectives<\/span><span>. <\/span><span>Basic connectives are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span>and<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>or<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>but <\/span><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>1. and <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span>Enumeration (first&#8230;, furthermore, finally;<\/span> <span>one, two, three; firstly, secondly, thirdly; next, then&#8230;)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Addition (also, again, further, moreover, besides, above all&#8230;)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Transition (regarding, now, as to&#8230;)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Summation (in conclusion, to sum up briefly, overall, thus&#8230;)<\/span><span>.<\/span><strong><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>2. or<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span>Reformulation (to express something in another way \u2013 rather, better, in other words, in that case&#8230;)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Replacement (to express an alternative to what has preceded \u2013 again, alternatively, on the other hand&#8230;)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>3. but<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span>Contrast to what has preceded (instead, then, on the contrary, in comparison, whereas&#8230;)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Concession indicates the unexpected nature of what is being said in view of what was said before (however, nevertheless, only, still, although, at any rate, all the same, even though&#8230;)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>Paragraphs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span>Writing must be divided in paragraphs<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A paragraph normally contains several sentences that are concerned with the theme contained in the key sentence<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Key sentence contains the main idea (topic)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Other sentences support it by adding further information or examples<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>We may consider different types of paragraphs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><em><span>Introductory paragraphs (introduction): <\/span><\/em><span>P<\/span><span>rovides the reader with any necessary background information before leading into a clear statement of the writer&#8217;s point of view. The point of view, or thesis statement, is a brief and specific statement of the writer&#8217;s position in the essay.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span>Body paragraphs (body of the essay):<\/span><\/em><span> Follow all flow of ideas logically from the introductory paragraph, which expand upon the thesis statement. Each paragraph is clearly focused on a single issue with plenty of supporting detail or evidence from concrete and relevant examples, or from the reading that the writer uses to support the point of view.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span>Concluding paragraphs (conclusion):<\/span><\/em><span> Summarizes the points made, repeats the overall point of view, and explains why the writer took the position held. It may also indicate wider issues not covered in the essay, but are of interest and relevant to the point of view.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Resources<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong><em>Articles<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/312180933_Writing_Effective_Paragraphs\">Messuri, K. (2016). Writing effective paragraphs. <em>The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles<\/em>, 4, 15, pp. 86-88.<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/323997445.pdf\">Wirantaka, A. (2016). Paragraph writing of academic texts in an EFL context. <em>Journal of Foreign Language, Teaching and Learning<\/em>, 1, 2, pp. 34-35.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong><em>Blogs<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/advice-and-help-in-authoring-a-phd-or-non-fiction\/how-to-write-paragraphs-80781e2f3054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Medium.com <em><span><\/span><\/em><span>(2014). <em>How to write paragraphs in research texts (articles, books and PhDs)<\/em>.\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/writingforresearch\/2017\/07\/17\/how-to-write-paragraphs-in-research-texts-articles-books-and-phds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">London School of Economics (2017). <em>How to write paragraphs in research texts: articles, books and research PhDs<\/em>.<\/a>\u00a0<strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><strong><em>Websites<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span><a href=\"https:\/\/wts.indiana.edu\/writing-guides\/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Indiana University Bloomington (2020). <em>Paragraphs &amp; topic sentences<\/em>.<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.time4writing.com\/writing-resources\/paragraph-writing-secrets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Time 4 Writing.com (n.d.). <em>How to write paragraphs?<\/em>\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span> <\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.le.ac.uk\/oerresources\/ssds\/writingskills\/page_47.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of Leicester (n.d.). <em>Strategic use of paragraphs<\/em><\/a><em>.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span> <\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.westminster.ac.uk\/writtenassignments\/essays#s-lg-box-wrapper-17619362\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of Westminster (n.d.). <em>Written Assignments: Essays<\/em>.<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientific Writing Resources \/ General Guidelines in Scientific Writing \/ Paragraphs Academic Integrity Building an Argument Critical Reading Critical Writing\u00a0\u00a0 Figures and Tables\u00a0\u00a0 Paragraphs\u00a0\u00a0 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Peer-review\u00a0 Response to Reviewers\u2019 Critiques Plagiarism\u00a0\u00a0 Writing Tips and Tools Types or Styles of Writing How to evaluate online information resources Miscellaneous Dissertation\/ Thesis\u00a0 Journal Article Original [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-210","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/210","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=210"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/210\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1987,"href":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/210\/revisions\/1987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/initiatives.iitgn.ac.in\/scientificwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=210"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}